The Evaluation Of Public Relations Internship Program

The evaluation of Public Relations Internship Program in China Literature Review Nowadays, when new ideas, professions and whole fields are imported or received into cultures that had no part in their creation and development, it is important to study how these fields fit in, are adapted to or are altered by their new host countries. China is the largest of these host countries. Since the early 1980s, Western ideas, practices and fields have been introduced into and have taken root in China. Some of these are: public relations, advertising, business administration, management, and marketing. The tenets of the public relations industry have been studied and practiced throughout history. Alan Leahigh†¦show more content†¦Internship programs are an effective way to incorporate practical experience into the education of construction students. Many research studies have been conducted to analyze the advantages and pros of internships in the field of Public relations for the students. The studies reveal that the students who had been engaged in such internship programs have been observed to have a better career path as compare to the ones who did not opted for it (Filak Pritchard, 2008). Moreover, internship during the academics period also serves as an assessment tool for the universities (Filak Pritchard, 2008). A research study by Ganahl?s (2003) found out that that in the corporate industry counts the educational experiences of those students who have opted for internships as highly meaningful. Apparently, public relations, fits the pattern of advertising and management. It was developed and has matured in the West. And China is a receiver country. Public relations in China, is thus a prime example of a newly introduced field. Public relations-related activities exist in every society and in countless sub-sectors of those societies. For practitioners, real and important changes occur when a set of theoretical approaches and techniques and a coherent underlying logic gather these activities into a comprehensive professional field. Public relations in China, is at this stage today. In the process of creating itself, the The Evaluation Of Public Relations Internship Program The evaluation of Public Relations Internship Program in China Literature Review Nowadays, when new ideas, professions and whole fields are imported or received into cultures that had no part in their creation and development, it is important to study how these fields fit in, are adapted to or are altered by their new host countries. China is the largest of these host countries. Since the early 1980s, Western ideas, practices and fields have been introduced into and have taken root in China. Some of these are: public relations, advertising, business administration, management, and marketing. The tenets of the public relations industry have been studied and practiced throughout history. Alan Leahigh†¦show more content†¦Internship programs are an effective way to incorporate practical experience into the education of construction students. Many research studies have been conducted to analyze the advantages and pros of internships in the field of Public relations for the students. The studies reveal that the students who had been engaged in such internship programs have been observed to have a better career path as compare to the ones who did not opted for it (Filak Pritchard, 2008). Moreover, internship during the academics period also serves as an assessment tool for the universities (Filak Pritchard, 2008). A research study by Ganahl?s (2003) found out that that in the corporate industry counts the educational experiences of those students who have opted for internships as highly meaningful. Apparently, public relations, fits the pattern of advertising and management. It was developed and has matured in the West. And China is a receiver country. Public relations in China, is thus a prime example of a newly introduced field. Public relations-related activities exist in every society and in countless sub-sectors of those societies. For practitioners, real and important changes occur when a set of theoretical approaches and techniques and a coherent underlying logic gather these activities into a comprehensive professional field. Public relations in China, is at this stage today. In the process of creating itself, the

Benchmark Assignment Gospel Essentials - 1286 Words

Benchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials There are three basic world views recognized. A world view is A set of assumptions or beliefs about reality that affect how we think and how we live† (Krise 2017) it can also be described as The comprehensive perspective from which we interpret all of reality(Krise 2017). Simply put it is our beliefs and views about the world, god or no god, and the afterlife. The three world views are Atheism, Pantheism, and Theism. Atheists believe there is no higher power or afterlife. Pantheists believe that â€Å"all is god,† they believe in a spiritual realm but no single god, common religions in this world view include Hinduism and Buddhism. Theism believes in a single god and an afterlife that connects to that†¦show more content†¦Simply put, there is still only one God, that consists of 3 parts. â€Å"The meditation on community reminds US that the church is the people of God, the body of Christ, and the temple of the Holy Spirit, and that when we find it difficult to get along with people in the church, perhaps it is because God is trying to teach US to give and not just receive, to love those who irritate us so that we can understand God’s love for all people, and to serve sacrificially, just as Jesus did† (Diles 2016). Humanity Per Genesis God created humans on the 6th day out of his own image. Some people believe this refers to characteristics, while others believe this refers to physical likeness. The fall of humanity started with Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit. They were banished from the garden, and humans were cursed by God from that day forward. He made work hard, allowed us to feel suffering and die, made childbirth painful and more. Many people question why God gave us the ability to sin if he is so good and gracious. The answer is God gave us free will to make our own decisions. Adam and Eve had free will but were not sinful by nature. After the fall, GodShow MoreRelatedBenchmark Assignment : Gospel Essentials Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials There a lot of differing worldviews in practice today. Every person has a worldview that is shaped by their experiences, pasts, families, traditions, values, and beliefs that form the core of who they are. The Christian worldview is no exception. This worldview is formed by the beliefs and teachings of the Bible. The worldview is shaped and centered around the view of who God is, the purpose of humanity, the true identity of Jesus, the restoration of humansRead MoreBenchmark Assignment : Gospel Essentials Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials There are a variety of differing worldviews in practice today. Every person has a worldview that is shaped by their experiences, pasts, families, traditions, values, and beliefs that form the core of who they are. The Christian worldview is no exception. This worldview is formed by the beliefs and teachings of the Bible. The worldview is shaped and centered around the view of who God is, the purpose of humanity, the true identity of Jesus, the restoration ofRead MoreBenchmark Assignment : Gospel Essentials Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials Let’s talk about the world about 2,000 years ago. It was a world where the mass of people were illiterate, taxes were extremely high, and the leaders would cheat and kill to feed their ever growing need for power. We all can relate to having a good storyteller in our lives, most were read to at night by their parents or are parents themselves that read to their children. What is the purpose of storytelling? It’s simple, comfort. A good story can ease your psychologicalRead MoreBenchmark Assignment : Gospel Essentials1290 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials Introduction Seven years ago, my daughter was a kindergartener at Peridot Lutheran Private Elementary School. Peridot Lutheran taught her the basic Bible stories like how the world was created in 7 days, the story of Noah, Abraham, Moses, and the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. During this time, I would show my daughter her baby pictures, photos of families and events since her birth. I also shared with her my husband and I’s wedding photoRead MoreThe Gospel Of Biblical Worldview1516 Words   |  7 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials Biblical Worldview is composed of a number of essential elements. Including God who created the World, the human race that He created, the Son of God, and His death on the Cross which Christians believe was the debt Christ paid for the forgiveness of mankind s sinful nature. This poses the question: what are the basic beliefs and generalizations to a Christian worldview, and is Christianity nothing but ancient tradition and biblical dogma, or is it moreRead MoreMain Components Of The Christian Worldview1412 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials A worldview is the way a person views and interprets the world around them. Life experiences and spiritual influences play a part in forming one’s worldview. A person’s worldview helps them to determine beliefs on creation, humanity, morals and what happens after death. According to Waddell, (2014) â€Å"Worldviews are also like lenses found in eyeglasses that serve as the means through which a person sees the world.† (para. 43) In this paper, the main componentsRead MoreThe Bible Presents A Text Record Of God870 Words   |  4 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials The Bible presents a text record of God’s work which is central and important to the Christian faith. This work begins with Creation of all with the familiar line,† In the beginning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the Book of Genesis. Christians believe in the deity of Jesus Christ, The Resurrection of Christ, and the Holy Trinity. The Holy Trinity consisting of God in three persons: God the Father, Jesus the Son of God and the Holy Spirit. These three aspects combined are first-orderRead MoreNotes On The Gospel Of The Christian Worldview Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Gospel Essentials â€Å"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life (John 3:16, ESV). This is probably one of the most recognizable Bible verses of all time because it encompasses the core beliefs of Christianity. The Christian worldview is a set of monotheistic beliefs and values that involve a personal and relatable God that relies heavily on faith in God and Jesus Christ. This paper will describeRead MoreCommunication Styles Are Direct And Indirect Communication1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfields of communication also use these two approaches among members in their respective organizations. For instance, a boss in a workplace may communicate with one of his subordinates by ordering (direct communication approach) the completion of an assignment within a specific time frame (Gaddis, 2006). In contrast, a manager who uses the indirect approach to communicate with his subordinates will encourage their input and provide the m with options (Gaddis, 2006). For example, as noted by Gaddis (2006)Read MoreW5 Benchmark Cwv-1011801 Words   |  8 PagesBenchmark – Gospel Essentials Details: In this assignment you will summarize and analyze the essential elements of the Christian worldview and reflect on implications for your own worldview. Write a 1,250-1,500-word essay using at least two course resources (textbook, lectures, the Bible) and at least two other sources from the GCU Library to support your points. Remember, the Bible counts as one reference regardless of how many times you use it or how many verses you cite. Begin your paper

Critical Analysis Of Team Learning Theory †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of Team Learning Theory. Answer: Introduction Learning continues to be the primary, essential, as well as the required factor of understanding the needs of the modern organization in the competitive environment. Several human resource managers within organizations have recognized the importance of team learning to be more effective than individual learning in dealing with the increasing needs of the modern organization (Farooq, 2013). Given the dynamic changes in business environments in current society, team learning is something that can be appropriate in managing the organization to achieve its effectiveness than individual learning. The team learning help in bringing new ideas that are essential in dealing with the situation (Albinsson Arnesson, 2012). Therefore, organizations have the mandate of preparing its people through the constant learning process. The team learning is the practical approach that can aid people within the organization to deal with changes and to possess the capacity to adapt to conditions changes tog ether with challenges that result due to modern needs. Theories and analysis of team learning remains to be the bold and powerful practice than individual learning, as it forms the foundation and best way to improve the performance of the organization by taking into account the input of every stakeholder. Therefore, the objective of this research article is to explain why team learning remains to be more effective than individual learning in dealing with needs of modern organizations. Critical analysis of team learning theory Although various theories of learning have regularly drawn on thoughts from organizational understanding and learning, there has been insignificant interchange in the overturn approach. The literature oinvolving organizational understanding and learning concentrates on the sepaprated set along with the investigation of the methods drawn in team or individual learning in organization. According to the study by Armstrong Foley (2013), team learning and its theories have action orientation geared towards using particular diagnostic and evaluative methodological devices that help in the identification, promotion, as well as evaluation of the quality adaptation to the needs of a modern organization. Theories of team learning have shown that people involved are always able to expand their capacity to develop results that come with the needs of modern organizations. The team learning allows the members of the organization to use collaboration to address issues before they decide the advanc e path for the endeavor as opposed in case of individual learning where one person has all the responsibility of making decisions, and this makes the organization to lag behind in its operations. Importance of team learning compared to individual learning Team learning continues to be useful in curbing the need of current organization as it helps in increasing the performance, unity of the employees, and culture of an organization. Team learning allows every member of an organization to air their views when the organization needs to form new ideas for operations or products. Therefore, team learning from one of the conditions of the active management of services in dealing with the needs of modern organizations (Making creativity more effective, 2017). Team learning also allows the employees and employers within an organization to modify and establish ways of acting, analysis, as well as to improve the existed procedures and willingness to proper responding on mn unusual and unpredictable needs of modern organizations (Armstrong Foley, 2013). Therefore, team learning is more effective than individual learning because individuals get help from other people making them focus on the needs of the current organization. Some of the advanta ges that visible in organizations that encourage team learning as opposed to individual learning include effective communication, development of cohesion, easy ways of solving operational problems, and boosting to learn through sharing of experiences. Some of the reasons that make the team learning to be effective comprise of fostering creativity through group learning, blending of complementary strengths, and development of trust, learning of skills to resolve conflicts, promoting the wider sense of ownership, and encouraging healthy risk-taking in ensuring that organizations meet the needs of the modern environment. Team learning allows workers to have social exchanges and social learning that result due to the faster rates of conducting business and technological changes (Ubell, 2011). Besides, team learning remains to be adaptive by nature along with the social learning mindset that enables organizations to get the best feedback on needs of modern organizations. Development of active communication channel Team learning forms the backbone of the effective communication how to address the needs of the modern society. Every stakeholder within the organization has the responsibility of contributing to the appropriate model that the company can use to improve in its operations (Making leadership development more effective, 2015). However, individual learning does not improve the communication in the organizational setting because a person in the managerial position has the responsibility of making the changes to address the needs of the modern organization. In such case, individual learning, do not allow members of organizations to have a say on operations of the needs of the modern organization. When the workers work as the individual or independently on activities of the organizations, they may not readily share knowledge or new data concerning the needs of the modern organization (Hoog Song et al., 2014). The lack of effective communication in individual learning tends to increase the d uration taken to complete simple tasks, projects, or reaching solutions for developments. However, team learning aid in promoting the conversation between workers regarding the work at hand to arrive at the needs of modern organizations. The promotion of communication by team learning possibly prevents employees from working in opposite directions. Creation of cohesion Team learning results to the creation of cohesion that remains as important factors in addressing the needs of modern organizations. Therefore, the creation of cohesion by process of team learning can help in increasing the chemistry, trust, or both from working on different needs of modern organizations as a team. However, individual learning does not create high cohesion among employees because workers may see the people who are responsible for making decisions to be uniqu (Savalsberg, 2012). The uniqueness makes the employees have divided opinion on how to address the needs of modern organizations. Furthermore, team learning leads to the creation of cohesion employees who are less likely to be confrontational toward one another (Jakobsen et al., 2014). The cohesion employees are also able to accept decisions of their counterparts. Therefore, the creation of cohesion among employees from team learning has a great impact in increasing the workflow speed of the company in addressing its modern needs. Easy approach to solving problem Team learning is of vital importance because of its synergy of solving the problem that develops from several minds working on the solution to the needs of a modern organization. Team learning is more effective than individual learning because, in personal learning, an individual might work on the particular issue affecting the organization, then the person only has his or her own experience as well as knowledge to use in pulling for solutions (Is learning by watching more effective than learning by doing?, 2012). Besides, in the process of using team learning, team members in the organization pool their collective issues and ideas together. The combining ideas help the organization to generate unique ideas for dealing with needs of modern organizations. In team learning, problems that results in solving issues are not purely negative (Mayfield Mayfield, 2011). Therefore, as opposed to individual learning, the problem in-group learning might be the need of developing products for th e consumer to address the need that the user does not know that the team possesses. Improved learning process Team learning enables employees to work together, and every employee can learn from another. Team learning makes the people understand the needs of modern organizations and the knowledge is not limited to the personal experiences of employees or coworker from various agencies. Therefore, team learning is more effective than individual learning because employees can learn the information from one another regarding the possibilities as well as limitations of every need of the modern operations in the organization (Mosakowski et al., 2013). For instance, the needs of marketing organizations that consistently make instructions with impractical time limits to the different organization, the organization may perceive teamwork why its needs are irrational. The collaborative learning creates the enthusiasm for learning that individual work usually lacks in addressing the needs of modern organizations. Encouraging process of healthy risk-taking Workers that learn individually will most likely not need to glue their neckline out for the alternative idea. While employees might fail to get the full credit for the successful team project, team learning that involves every person spreads out the responsibilities for the failed needs of modern organizations. Therefore, group learning is more effective than individual learning. Every member of the team in learning process have the responsibilities to take extra chances, as they receive the hold up of the complete set to retreat on when there is a failure (Bresman Zellmer-Bruhn, 2013). Consequently, sharing success by addressing the needs of modern organizations as a team is the bonding experience brought about by group learning. Once the team within education achieves a success together, their brainstorming sessions will produce revolutionary ideas without hesitation. Conclusion Team learning remains to be more effective than individual learning while dealing with needs of modern organizations because there is no case of I in the team. The learning process helps in benefiting the employees on the personal level. Therefore, human resource managers in various organizations need to learn not to allow needs of modern organizations to get in the way of personal growth within the workplace. Instead, the HR manager should understand how to resolve conflict as well as understanding team members to contribute their best ideas on how to address needs of the modern business environment. Team learning remains to be the most important factor in operations of an organization that individual learning. Other workers can learn from team members together with building on skills to create impressive outcomes with the need of modern organizations. References Albinsson, G., Arnesson, K. (2012). Team learning activities. The Learning Organization, 19(6), 456-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696471211266956 Armstrong, A., Foley, P. (2013). Foundations for a learning organization: organization learning mechanisms. The Learning Organization, 10(2), 74-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696470910462085 Bresman, H., Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (2013). The Structural Context of Team Learning: Effects of Organizational and Team Structure on Internal and External Learning. Organization Science, 24(4), 1120-1139. https://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0783 Farooq, O. (2013). Why are some firms more innovative than others? Exploring the role of learning organization components. Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 27(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo.2013.08127caa.011 Hoon Song, J., Hun Lim, D., Gu Kang, I., Kim, W. (2014). Team performance in learning organizations: mediating effect of employee engagement. The Learning Organization, 21(5), 290-309. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tlo-07-2012-0049 Is learning by watching more effective than learning by doing?. (2012). The Clinical Teacher, 9(6), 425-426. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tct.12005_3 Jakobsen, K., McIlreavy, M., Marrs, S. (2014). Team-Based Learning: The Importance of Attendance. Psychology Learning Teaching, 13(1), 25-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.2304/plat.2014.13.1.25 Making creativity more effective. (2017). Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 31(2), 26-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo-02-2017-0014 Making leadership development more effective. (2015). Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 29(6), 20-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo-05-2015-0046 Marques, J. (2015). Why wakeful leadership is more important now than ever. Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 29(3), 18-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo-10-2014-0079 Mayfield, M., Mayfield, J. (2011). Effective performance feedback for learning in organizations and organizational learning. Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 26(1), 15-18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777281211189128 Mosakowski, E., Calic, G., Earley, P. (2013). Cultures as Learning Laboratories: What Makes Some More Effective Than Others?. Academy Of Management Learning Education, 12(3), 512-526. https://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0149 Savelsbergh, C. (2012). Team role stress: relationships with team learning and performance in project teams. Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 26(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo.2012.08126daa.008 Ubell, R. (2011). Virtual team learning. Development And Learning In Organizations: An International Journal, 25(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dlo.2011.08125aad.007

Nursing Theology

Introduction Duties of the nursing profession are inseparable from faith. In fact, according to Christian worldview, nursing professionals should base their roles on faith and care. While non-Christians view nurses as people charged with the responsibility to care and love the suffering, patients in this case, Christians perceive nurses as God’s delegation to humanity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To non-Christians, the moral and social principles should guide the nursing professionals whereas to Christians the feeling of love should motivate the nurses. Despite these differences, it is unanimous that nurses play a very important role in human life. Through caring for the ill in the society, nurses uphold human health. Since health extends beyond the physical realm, it implies that nurses, according to Christians, also provide spiritual care to the human ity. Through care, nurses become part of God’s mystery of suffering. Suffering is a subject, which theologians have strived to comprehend since the times of Moses but in vain. Nurses also care for the dying and the dead, with hopes of positive response from God. Death is another component of human thriving which scholars have been unable to unveil its truth. Is nursing really like any other profession within the society? I believe it is not. In fact, nursing is a component of faith. My personal philosophy in this paper is that ‘nursing is a God’s revelation to humanity’. Based on my personal research and life experience, I will demonstrate how nursing fulfills God’s revelation to humanity through Christian worldview on nature of personhood, health and illness, suffering, death and caring. Nature of personhood Fear of death and illness characterizes human nature. Although Christians view death as God’s plan to human life, personal experience r eveals that people fear death. In fact, many view it as the interruption to their lives. Human beings by nature believe that they are liable for care and protection from nurses. They believe that nurses should protect them from all the sufferings in their lives. As a result, most patients solely depend on nurses for the survival. Patient’s fear of death brings worry and uncertainties to their lives. In this aspect, God’s revelation is two-fold. First, although nurses are human beings characterized by the nature of personhood described above, they strive to end fear within their patients. The bible teaches that â€Å"people should not fear anything but God† (Attridge, 2006, p. 123). Nurses manifest this teaching to the patients by giving them hope even at times of death. According to Christian’s worldview, nurses should provide love, hope and care to the patients even at their last breaths.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More God’s mission since the time of Moses to the advent of salvation through Jesus Christ has been to provide care, love and hope to humanity. Through Moses, the Israelites felt God’s love and care. Through Jesus Christ, God manifested His unconditional love through salvation for all. Therefore, nursing professionals manifests God’s love, care and hope to humanity, as it was the case for Moses, Jesus and the prophets. Secondly, by working selflessly to end fear and bring hope to the patients, nurses reveal the will of God to the humanity. As the bible teaches in 1Peter 3:14, God does not want fear among His people. In order to ensure the fear does not prevail in human nature, nurses provide care based on love and faith to the patients (Shelly and Miller, 1999, p.139). In this case, nurses act as direct God’s delegation for the teaching of eternity and life after death. In biblical cont ext, people should not fear; be it illness or death since there is eternal joy after this life. This ensures that patients are no longer worried for their lives after death. Such hope would not be possible without the nurses. They indeed represent what God wants from humanity in order to achieve eternity. Therefore, nursing is a revelation for God’s will to humanity. Health and illness In my research, I justified health as the spiritual well-being of a community and illness as the visible outcome of poor spirituality. As per the worldview, health is the physical, social, moral and spiritual well-being of an individual whereas illness is the state caused by the imbalance of these factors. In Biblical context, disharmony between God and the humankind is what results into illness. According to Christian worldview, human infringement of God’s will culminates into physical, moral and social instability of an individual or illness. Based on personal experience, I concluded t hat the scholarly and professional definitions of health and illness are just symptoms of the spirituality. Whichever view, nursing plays an important role in health of the society. Through this way, nursing manifests God in several ways including healing, love and caring. Nursing reveals God as the healer of humanity. As Jeremiah (30:17) notes, God â€Å"will restore you to health and heal your wounds† (New International Version). In this passage, Jeremiah describes God as the healer- the healer of wounds. Wounds in this context refer to the weakness of the human spirituality. As per the worldview, however, wounds represent the physical illness of an individual or a society. Regardless of the view, it is unanimous that wounds destabilize human health and as Jeremiah states, God restores this health. How does God today restore the health yet He is unseen? Throughout the Christian history, God fulfilled His roles through common people. For instance, to save the Israelites from slavery God used Moses, an Egyptian slave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, Taber is justifies when he says, â€Å"God uses people through their professions to accomplish His mission on earth† (1998, p. 35). Nursing is a means to healing and through the professionals; God accomplishes His mission of healing. Through this way therefore, nurses manifests God’s power of healing. Nurses manifest God’s universal love to humanity. According to Christianity, nurses should provide love to the ill. Love is a spiritual component that guides the humanity in comprehension for the need of ill free life. It is justifiable that love motivates nurses (Colson Pearcy, 1999, p.89). Where do the nurses get this love? Biblically, God is love. The salvation history in which He offered His son, Jesus Christ, for sacrifice, illustrates the loving nature of God. Because nurses care for the ill regardless of their religious background, it is evident that they get this love from God and manifest it to the world. According to John (1:16), â€Å"For so God loved the world that He gave His only begotten son† so that He might heal the humanity (NIV). Nurses today assume the central role-played by Jesus Christ millions of decades ago, thereby illustrating God’s love to the world. In hospitals, nursing professionals ensure decency in the lives of the sick people. They indeed illustrate God’s universal love. Suffering Throughout the human history, scholars have sought to understand the mysteries behind suffering. They have never understood why innocent people within the society suffer. In the biblical story of Job, I established that suffering is one of the mysteries of God beyond human comprehension. The argument further established that, it is an inevitable fact in the human thriving. As per the Christian worldview, su ffering is a God’s means to reveal His mighty and power to His loved ones. The Christians also believes that from suffering human beings should derive benefits for their survival in this life. In their perspective, nurses believe that people should not suffer and they should do as much as possible in their profession to help the suffering. By doing so, nurses reveal God in a number of ways two of which I shall outline in the subsequent paragraphs. By helping the suffering, nurses reveal the mighty of God to the world. In the infamous Haiti calamity whereby several people succumbed to death and left thousands suffering, nurses from all over the world volunteered to help the victims of this disaster. Christians perceive nurses as people whom God charged with powers to rescue people from suffering. On their part, nurses believe that their role is to serve and save the suffering. Biblical history evidences that God empowered all His delegators. For instance, God gave Moses power to overcome the pharaoh of Egypt in order to save the people of Israelites. David, the king, is another example whom God gave power to overcome Goliath so that he protected His people. Jesus performed miracles, which nobody else had performed; he raised Lazarus from death; he healed the blind and fed more than five thousand people from five loaves and two fish. All these biblical examples reveal that God delegated powers to those who undertook His work.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since Christianity teaches that God does not change, it is justifiable that nurses possess the power of God to save and serve the suffering (Lundmark, 2007, p.770). Nursing therefore, evidences God’s power over suffering and hence humanity. I impute this power to the voluntary roles nurses played in Haiti and the recent Japanese earthquake. Nurses’ contribution in helping the suffering illustrates that God’s mysteries can be unveiled by a few. From Christians worldview perspective, â€Å"nursing has unveiled God’s mysteries to a greater extend† (Sire, 2009, p.12). Being the one of the few professions, which takes a direct part in the salvation of the humanity, the Christians perceive it as among the selected few to take part in God’s mysteries, which scholars have not been able to unveil. In fact, nurses are part of this mystery, the suffering. Biblical Job’s story presents a mystery to the today’s theologians. Job was good and perfect in the â€Å"eyes of God† (Job 1:5, NIV). Why then did he suffer? God causes suffering to humanity in order to express His power and further reveal to the world those whom He has appointed to take part in these mysteries. Therefore, nursing is a means for God to show His mysteries and power to the humanity. Death Death is the culmination of human activities in this world; it marks the end for one’s reign on earth. To Christians, death is the separation of soul and the body, which God executes. To non-Christians, death is a curse, which interferes with the natural order of human life. Nurses’ response to death is that, while death is inevitable, people should not fear it. It is in the nursing profession that people should not suffer at their deathbeds. As Colson and Pearcy put it, â€Å"Death, to nurses, represents the extreme outcome of illness and suffering† (1999, p.46). In fact, nurses do what they can to save the dying patient, either from su ffering or from dying. Patients’ response on death is varied. It is agreeable that everybody fears death. Fear is therefore the immediate response among the patients. Christians attribute the fear to uncertainty about the destination after death. With their role to protect people from death or reduce suffering during death, nurses reveal God as the savior of human soul. Nursing reveals God as the ultimate savior of life. Biblically, death is the Christian’s transition to glorified form of existence. Christians therefore believe that death leads to glorification of the faithful ones. However, the bible contradicts that God does not want His people to die. It is for this fact that nurses strive as much as they can to save the dying. Nurses do not want people to die, like God himself. The bible further clarifies that people should not die in sin. Since nursing professionals are human beings like any other, it is difficult to control the sins for the dying as such they ins tead control the suffering. They do as much as possible to ensure the dying does not suffer. As God’s salvation to humanity aimed at bringing the end to suffering, the nurses’ attempts therefore reveals God’s salvation to His people. Caring Prayer forms an important part for Christian nursing caring, especially where the nurses’ beliefs do not contradict those of the patient. Physical care does not vary greatly with religions as it is in the case for spiritual care. Through prayer, God cares for the needs of His people. Psalms 32:6 notes that, â€Å"Let everyone who is faithful pray to you at a time they can find you† (NIV). This text shows that through prayer God provides for spiritual care to the humanity. Nurses should care for all the patients and the poor in the society regardless of their religious background. Through this way, nurses reveal God’s plan of redemption to humanity. Nursing professionals reveal God’s universal plan to redeem the world. As Shelley and Miller (1999) notes, â€Å"Nurses provide only a small, though significant, part of the whole spectrum of spiritual care† (p.241), it is therefore vivid that nurses help the patients to acquire peace in their souls. Nurses provide care to all the people regardless of their financial status in the society. In some instances, the world perceives nurses as the miracle performers of today from whom people should seek assistance. Nurses also provide solutions, and comfort, to those in pain and suffering in the society. Through this way, nurses manifest God’s plan of redemption to all the people. Conclusion Based on Christians nursing view on suffering, caring, death, health and illness, ‘nursing is God’s revelation to humanity’. Through their nursing profession, nurses reveal God’s will, nature, plan and relationship with man. Nursing is indeed inseparable from faith. Society’s moral and social principles and the feeling of love and care should motivate and guide the duties of the nursing professionals. Through this way, nursing forms an integral part in God’s accomplishments to the world. Guided by these principles and feelings, nurses do not only reveal God to the societies but also become part of God’s mission in the world. Hence, nursing is not like any other profession, it is indeed a component of faith. References Attridge, H. W. (2006). The Harper Collins Study Bible. New York: Harper Collins. Colson, C., Pearcy, N. (1999). How now shall we live? Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. Lundmark, M. (2007). Vocation in theology-based nursing theories. Nurs Ethics, 14(6), 767-780. Shelley, J. A., Miller, A. B. (1999). Called to care. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Sire, J.W. (2009). The universe next door (5th Ed.). Illinois: IVP Academic. Taber, C.W. (1998). Taber’s Cyclopedia Medical Dictionary edition 18, Philadelphia This essay on Nursing Theology was written and submitted by user Eliseo Waters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

THe 1960s Essays - Politics, Counterculture Of The 1960s

THe 1960's Many social changes that were addressed in the 1960s are still the issues being confronted today. the '60s was a decade of social and political upheaval. in spite of all the turmoil, there were some positive results: the civil rights revolution, john f. Kennedy's bold vision of a new frontier, and the breathtaking advances in space, helped bring about progress and prosperity. however, much was negative: student and anti-war protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited american people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law. The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the soviet union, which was aggravated by the u-2 incident, the berlin wall, and the cuban missile crisis, along with the space race with the ussr. The decade ended under the shadow of the viet nam war, which deeply divided americans and their allies and damaged the country's self-confidence and sense of purpose. Even if you weren't alive during the '60s, you know what they meant when they said, "tune in, turn on, drop out." you know why the nation celebrates Martin luther king, jr.'s birthday. all of the social issues are reflected in today's society: the civil rights movement, the student movement, space exploration, the sexual revolution, the environment, medicine and health, and fun and fashion. The Civil Rights Movement The momentum of the previous decade's civil rights gains led by rev. Martin luther king, jr. carried over into the 1960s. but for most blacks, the tangible results were minimal. only a minuscule percentage of black children actually attended integrated schools, and in the south, "jim crow" practices barred blacks from jobs and public places. New groups and goals were formed, new tactics devised, to push forward for full equality. as often as not, white resistance resulted in violence. this violence spilled across tv screens nationwide. the average, neutral american, after seeing his/her tv screen, turned into a civil rights supporter. Black unity and white support continued to grow. in 1962, with the first large-scale public protest against racial discrimination, rev. Martin luther king, jr. Gave a dramatic and inspirational speech in washington, d.c. After a long march of thousands to the capital. the possibility of riot and bloodshed was always there, but the marchers took that chance so that they could accept the responsibilities of first class citizens. "the negro," King said in this speech, "lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity and finds himself an exile in his own land." King continued stolidly: "it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the negro. this sweltering summer of the negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality." when King came to the end of his prepared text, he swept right on into an exhibition of impromptu oratory that was catching, dramatic, and inspirational. "I have a dream," King cried out. the crowd began cheering, but king, never pausing, brought silence as he continued, "i have a dream that one day on the red hills of georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood." "I have a dream," he went on, relentlessly shouting down the thunderous swell of applause, "that even the state of mississippi, a state sweltering with people's injustices, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. i have dream," cried King for the last time, "that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." Everyone agreed the march was a success and they wanted action now! but, now! remained a long way off. president kennedy was never able to mobilize sufficient support to pass a civil rights bill with teeth over the opposition of segregationist southern members of congress. but after his assassination, president johnson, drawing on the kennedy legacy and on the press coverage of civil rights marches and protests, succeeded where kennedy had failed. However, by the summer of 1964, the black revolution had created its own crisis of disappointed expectations. rioting by urban blacks was to be a feature of every "long, hot, summer" of the mid-1960s. In 1965, King and other black leaders wanted to push beyond social integration, now guaranteed

Critical Analysis of Diary of a Mad Black Woman Essays

Critical Analysis of Diary of a Mad Black Woman Essays Critical Analysis of Diary of a Mad Black Woman Paper Critical Analysis of Diary of a Mad Black Woman Paper Essay Topic: Black Boy Orlando The Heart Of a Woman Critical Analysis of the Movie: Diary of a Mad Black Woman Produced: 2005 Director: Darren Grant Producer: Tyler Perry Producer: Reuben Cannon Co-Producer: Mike Upton Executive Producer: Tyler Perry Executive Producer: John Dellaverson Line Producer: Joseph P. Genier Executive Producer: Michael Paseornek December 12, 2008 Sociology 100 Critical Analysis of the Movie: Diary of a Mad Black Woman Helen McCarterhas everything that she could possibly want in life: a huge house, lavish lifestyle and a very rich husband. The morning after attending an awards banquet where her husband (Charles McCarter) receives an award for the most outstanding lawyer of Atlanta, Helen awakes to her husband not in bed on their 18th wedding anniversary. She then goes to his office to surprise him with lunch but finds him there with another woman and two kids. Helen then arrives home with a U-Haul truck parked in her driveway. When Helen goes in the house she discovers a closet full of a new designer wardrobe that she believes is a surprise from Charles. But the new wardrobe is not the anniversary surprise that she was expecting. Charles comes home that evening to tell her that he is divorcing her for a younger woman and to be with his two sons. When Helen refuses to leave, Charles has to drag her out of the house and shut the door on her. Helen is left outside the door crying and is rescued by the U-Haul driver (Orlando) that she eventually throws out of the U-Haul truck. Helen then turns to her mother, grandmother (Madea) and her cousin (Brian) who take her in and help her put God back in her life. Helen learns how to stand on her own two feet for the first time in her life. When her husband is almost killed by a vengeful client, Helen is faced with the decision of having the heart to forgive him despite all the pain he has put her through. But after much thought, she decides to marry her boyfriend (Orlando).

Licensed practical nurse resume (Just out of school) Essay

Licensed practical nurse resume (Just out of school) - Essay Example As a healthcare professional and strong patient advocate, I am committed to deliver quality and individualized patient care. As part of a team, I have developed through experience clinical, administrative and interpersonal skills that supports and enhances the team effort and overall efficiency. Moreover, I have proven ability to influence and collaborate with diverse people and teams through effective communication, negotiation and conflict management. As a worker, I easily grasp new concepts, take direction and apply appropriately to resolve problems effectively which is complemented by my strong medical office management skills; knowledge of a variety of computer programs and data entry I have been in the Army National Guard since 2003, as a communications operator. I am a Noncommissioned officer (supervisor) in the Army National Guard. I have worked as a temporary manager in various areas of the Guard, such as an On-the-Job Training Manager. My work experience as a supervisor has greatly developed my work ethics such as discipline, commitment, and responsibility which is highly-valued in the nursing profession. Being a former Communications officer, I am able to make decisions and immediately act on them given the limited time and information in critical and dangerous situations My experience as temporary manager in various areas of the Guard reflects my flexibility, strong work orientation, and ability to implement rules and supervise

Mathematical Methods in Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematical Methods in Business - Assignment Example The function below approximates the weekly box office receipts for a popular movie, where x = the number of weeks the movie has been playing.  The function below approximates the weekly box office receipts for a popular movie, where x = the number of weeks the movie has been playing.  What is the rate of change of weekly receipts per theater after 10 weeks?The selling price of a product is $400, and the manufacturer is able to sell every unit it makes. The cost of producing x units is given by this formula.A company has developed a function that describes its profit over time. The x variable measures time. If the first derivative of the function is negative at a value of x, it means that the company is not making a profit at that point in time.A function has the characteristics listed in the bullets below. Use the characteristics to construct a rough sketch of the function using this x axis:_________________________________________________________________________________-20                   -15                   -10                  -5                     0                     5                   10                   15                   20†¢ The function has three critical points†¢ When x = -20, the first derivative is positive†¢ When x = -10, the first derivative is zero and the second derivative is negative†¢ When x = 5, the first derivative is zero†¢ When x = 15, the first derivative is zero indicates whether each of these statements is true or false11. T F When x = 0, the first derivative is positive12. T F When x = 5 the second derivative is positive13. T F When x = 15 the second derivative is positive14. T F the basic shape of this curve is more like an M than a W15. T F For any value of x larger than 15, the first derivative will always be negative

Impact of social media on management of information systems Research Paper

Impact of social media on management of information systems - Research Paper Example Social media has a great impact on management of information system because it allows easy gathering of knowledge and gives a connection between image, text and video. Social media is practically changing the way we communicate and it has transformed the information technology of business within and outside the company boundaries. Social media has been integral to finance and human resource management and for the understanding of consumer preferences, peer to peer marketing and demand prediction. The management of information system is an important function in an organization as it collect and process many data relevant to a business. Management of information system has achieved great height due to many social media like face book, Twitter and Linked In. The business management and consumer and suppliers have become more interactive and responsive. Social media is an interactive platform and allow input and output of data along with smooth communication. Social media has a large role to play in management of information sytem. Social media is the interaction on a virtual platform where people create, share or exchange information. The different social media like Face book, Twitter and Linked In have been the best informative sites since technology has ever created. As per (Daniel) â€Å"Media is an instrument on communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social instrument of communication†. Now social media has specific importance in every sphere of life especially in the business world. Since globalization, social media has become more and more significant as it is medium through which people in various countries communicate and share information. Social media is of so much importance because of its reach, quality, frequency usability and performance. Social Medias can be internet forums, social network sites, blogs, and content communities. The most famous social media like Face book, Twitter, You Tube and Linked In has

The Italian Renaissance Art Period Film Studies Essay

The Italian Renaissance Art Period Film Studies Essay   The Renaissance was a cultural movement that started in Italy at the beginning of the 1400s and lasted approximately 200 years. The Renaissance period was considered a transition period from the medieval age into Early Modern Europe. The Italian Renaissance was characterized by a shift in several cultural areas, from literature to politics to religion. During the Renaissance, Italian art underwent major artistic changes from the medieval period. The Italian Renaissance became one of the most productive and innovative time periods in the industry of art in painting, sculpture and architecture. Raphael, Michelangelo and Da Vinci were the key figures that were responsible for bringing about the significant changes in themes, styles and perspective of Italian art from the medieval period. Although the cultural changes in areas such as religion, literature, and sciences were considered significant contributions to the Renaissance period, the most innovative and notable changes were ma de in the Italian art, which had taken a back seat in the middle ages because of the political unrest that was going on in Europe. Given the overwhelming changes and revival of the arts, Italian art had the most significant impact in the Renaissance that ultimately resulted in the re-birth of Europe. The late Middle Ages period which has been defined as the time period between the 1300s and early 1400s was a difficult and trying time for Europe. During this time period, Europe went through a great famine caused by severe weather conditions as well as the bubonic plague (Black Death) in the late 1340s. (C pg 534). Both of these tragedies took a huge toll in human life. In addition to these two tragedies, Europe was also dealing with social unrest, warfare and the challenges facing the Catholic Church. The arts were not deemed significantly important during these challenging times and not much advances were made in this field. However, as the end of the 14th century approached, a movement was beginning to emerge in the arts and sciences in Italy. The most obvious changes during the Renaissance period were seen in painting and sculptures. Prior to the Renaissance, most of the Italian art revolved around religious subjects and themes. However, during the Renaissance, artists started to experiment with creating non-religious subjects such as creating portraits of living persons instead of just saints. Artists became more comfortable with developing their own individual styles and challenged themselves to be innovative and try new techniques. Painters began to place more focus on the humanistic aspects of life and implemented various new techniques, including humanism and perspective, sfumato, chiaroscuro, fresco and foreshortening in order to achieve their objective of realism. Realism became a popular characteristic of Italian Renaissance. Anatomy also became of particular interest to many of the Italian Renaissance artists. The artists were also interested in depicting the human form that mirrored real life. For the first time , Renaissance artists were producing art in Italy that reflected the real world. Painters used form, color, proportion, light, shade composition and anatomy to depict human nature and reality into their artistic work creating images of real people with expressions and emotions. The Italian Renaissance was highlighted by three separate periods, each of which contained distinct aspects that contributed to the cultural re-birth of Europe. The three periods of the Renaissance were the Early Renaissance (beginning of the 1400 to late 1400s), High Renaissance (Late 1400s to early 1500s) and Late Renaissance (early 1500s to 1600). The period of the Renaissance was led by a number of artists who were intelligent, innovative and ready to delve into a new art form. The first period, known as the Early Renaissance, took place during the early 15th century. Early Renaissance art was heavily influenced by Donatello, an Italian artist and sculptor and Masaccio, an Italian painter who scholars often refer to as the leading innovator in early fifteenth century painting. (C pg 601) Donatellos artistic style and works represent the significant facets of Early Renaissance time period. Donatellos bronze statue of David, considered to be his most famous work of art, depicts a common theme of the era. David is representative of a hero, which became a staple of early renaissance art. Heroes, which were a popular aspect of the humanist movement, were commonly portrayed in works of art during this the Early Renaissance. Donatellos earlier work also depicted the idea of youthfulness which was also another popular aspect of the humanist movement. Donatello utilized the technique of bronzing, and was notorious for his bronze pieces of art, such as his life size statue of David. David also displayed a new Renaissance style that is evident in both the classical nudity and the use of the classical contrapposto (twist of the hips), as well as the boldness of interpretation. Many of Donatellos sculptures are considered breakthroughs. For example, the statue of David was the first nude statute of the Renaissance (C pg 612). Another statue of Donatello, Gattamelata (the equestrian statute of Erasmo de Narni), is considered to be one of the best proportioned sculptures ever created. (C pg 618). Donatello, who was considered to be a very keen observer of human life and behavior, was able to portray different types of figures in his work and make it them look very realistic. One of Donatellos remarkable achievements was his ability to move forward the naturalistic illusion and classical idealism in sculpture. (C pg 593). Donatello also created science of perspective through the use of bas-relief or low relief in his work where the image is projected with a shallow overall depth which allows for exploitation of perspective and obtain a dramatic effect. The earliest example of the use of relief is the base of the statute of Saint George, which is decorated with a relief of Saint George and the Dragon. In the bronze relief panel of Feast of Herod, Donatello uses central perspective space for the first time which allows for intensifying the actions and characterizations of the subjects and makes them look real. (B pg 36-37).Donatellos incorporation of Greek classical principles was evident in the marble statute of Saint Mark. In this sculpture, Donatello took a fundamental step toward displaying motion in the human figure by recognizing the principle of weight shift and stresses the movement of the arms, legs, shoulders and hips. (C pg 599) Masaccio, one of Donatellos counterparts, was considered the best painter of the Early Renaissance. He showed a great skill at recreating life-like figures and movements. Scholars often identify Masaccio as the leading innovator in early 15th century painting. Most art historians acknowledge that no other painter in history has contributed so much to the development of a new style in such a short a time as Masaccio. Masaccio was also a master of fresco technique. The frescoes Masaccio painted in Florence provide excellent examples of his innovations. One of his greatest contributions to art of fresco painting was the use of light and dark instead of lines to represent figures in his paintings which was depicted in the . (A pg 157 )He was also one of the first to use something called linear perspective in his painting using the vanishing point technique. In the painting Tribute Money, Masaccio uses chiaroscuro, an art form that uses strong contrast between light and dark to give the i llusion of deep structural relief. (C pg 603) During his career, Masaccio transformed the direction of Italian painting, by moving it away from the idealizations of Gothic art, and, for the first time, presenting it as part of a more profound, natural, and humanist world 605) The next period of the Renaissance that influenced the cultural re-birth is known as the High Renaissance. The High Renaissance lasted from the late 15th century to about 1520. The most influential artists of this time of the High Renaissance period were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. Leonardo Da Vinci, arguably the most renowned artist in all of art history, made great, if not the greatest, contributions to the re-birth. Da Vinci often used religious themes in his paintings, which was reflective of the time and the impact religion had during this time period. During the High Renaissance time period, the Church was going through major changes as a result of the Protestant Reformation that was underway. The Protestant Reformation, which established the Protestant church in reaction to the corruption of the Catholic Church, also helped bring about the counter-reformation which established the Inquisition. The Inquisition established rules of visual imagery in the arts and tried to enforce these rules. This common theme of religion was represented throughout a majority of Leonardos paintings including two of his most famous ones, The Last Supper and Saint Jerome. The Last Supper depicted the image of Jesus and his 12 apostles seated at the altar, with Jesus in the ce nter, breaking bread. This scene is representative of when Jesus informs the apostles he has been betrayed by one of them. In this painting, Da Vinci portrayed a common theme of Italian Renaissance art, humanism. Humanism placed more emphasis on Man and less stress on God. In The Last Supper painting, Da Vinci placed more of an emphasis on Jesus Christ by placing him in the center of the painting, focusing the attention on him. Humanism attempted to attach faces or visual beings to religion, which is why there was such a rise in paintings of religious figures such as evangelists and saints. In Saint Jerome, once again the theme of religion can be seen along with the humanistic view of the time period. Saint Jerome is as close as Da Vinci came in a painting to his numerous anatomical drawings. These were a logical development of the Classical revival and the humanist view of mens centrality, beauty of form and superior intellect. In the painting, Saint Jerome is shown holding a rock with which he appears prepared to strike the lion with, showing mans dominance over animals. Saint Jerome is also very detailed which furthers the emphasis placed on man. The detail and realistic view that Da Vinci places in his art is another popular characteristic of Italian Renaissance art known as realism. Italian Renaissance artists, not just Da Vinci, all strived to attain greater realism in their works of art. Unlike the art of the 13th and early 14th centuries, the art of the Italian Renaissance appeared far more realistic. Art strayed away from the flat, stiff images of the previous ages, to more life-like figures that displayed real emotions. In order to produce this greater realism in art, artists such as Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael all used a technique known as sfumato, which literally means lost in smoke. Sfumato was an artistic technique that uses light and shade to place emphasis and some areas and defer it from other areas of lesser importance. Humanistic artists used this technique to aid in the emphasis of man in their paintings. Da Vinci combined the sfumato technique with his skill with chiaroscuro and perspective to create the mysterious smile in his most famous portrait, Mona Lisa. Michelangelo is another Italian Renaissance artist whose artistic themes and style contributed to the Renaissance being known as a period of re-birth. Michelangelo, like Da Vinci and many other artists of this time period, took a humanistic approach to his art work. Michelangelo was interested in definite form, and the human body alone seemed worthy of representation. Michelangelo aimed primarily for concentration and precise details, similar to Da Vinci, and attempted to capture emotion with every stroke of the brush. For example, in Michelangelos sculpture of David, David is depicted not with an emotionless expression on his face. Instead, David is shown with a very detailed anger, as he prepares to face Goliath, in their infamous showdown. Michelangelo is also notable for his use of the contrapposto pose, which was also reflected in the sculptures of Donatello in the Early Renaissance. One of Michelangelos famous works in which he uses the contrapposto pose, which once again is th e twisting of the hips, is his Bacchus. Bacchus is sculpted nude with a glass of wine in hand, which is representative of the fact that Bacchus is the Greek god of wine and intoxication. (Need Notation from your book) Michelangelo was not only a brilliant sculpture but also a great painter whose work was a major contributor to the Renaissance. The paints on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel are one of the most famous artwork that was created during the Renaissance. Although Michelangelo has studied painting, sculpture was where his interest was. At the request of Julius II, he agreed to paint the Sistine Chapel even though painting was not his profession. His inexperience along with the magnitude of the project were going to be a challenge, but a challenge that he quickly overcame because of his innate talents and desire to produce exceptional work. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was an enormous fresco depicting various passages from the Book of Genesis including the Creation of Adam in the ceiling and the Last Judgment at the alter. Similar to his sculptures, his paintings also focus on the human figure and its natural beauty. (C pg 648-651) Raphael, the youngest of the three great contributors to High Renaissance at, was an Italian painter and architect. Raphaels work took the artistic innovations that had been developed by Da Vinci and Michelangelo and created his own style in depicting the ideals of the Renaissance.(C pg 654) The School of Athens, one of Raphaels most famous paintings, displays the classical spirit of the High Renaissance. This painting along with three others completed along the walls of the Stanza della Segnatura room, which was the library in the papal apartment at the Vatican, show great philosophers and scientists of the ancient word coming together to discuss their theories and ideas.. Aristotle and Plato, the two great philosophers of ancient Greece, are portrayed as the key figures in these paintings. (C pg 653) In line with the realism theme of this time period, the figures in Raphaels paintings are known for their display of realistic emotions. Another characteristic of Raphaels work was the perfection and grace that he portrayed in his paintings and drawings. A theme throughout Raphaels work is the Christian devotion and pagan beauty. This theme is brought out in his series of Madonna paintings where Christian devotion and pagan beauty are brought together. In one of Raphaels best frescoes, Galatea, which Raphael based on ancient Roman poet Orvids Metamorphoses, the pagan joy and excitement is displayed praising human beauty and passionate love. (C pg 656) Raphael also excelled at portraiture. The subjects of his portraits were primarily scholars and courtiers surrounding the Pope. His portraits tended to exhibit the increasing attention that High Renaissance artists paid to the subjects personality and psyche. In addition, Raphael also revived the gods and heroes of classical times and the world they lived in, not to honor them but to transform them into art. (C pg 656) The Late Renaissance period experienced a slow down in the arts. A number of factors including political instability, the preachings of Martin Luther leading many to question the authority of the Church, and especially the Churchs response to the Luthers Protestant Reformation put a freeze on any type of Renaissance innovation. In order to protect itself against further criticism, the Church started to censor literary or artistic ambitions. The Late Renaissance movement which became known as Mannerism, represents the winding down of the Renaissance period and a departure from the ideals of the High Renaissance. The mannerist paintings, sculptures and architecture decided to challenge rules of the Renaissance and change them to a certain extent. The rules of perspective, nudity, and lighting that were developed during the High Renaissance were pushed to the side. Instead the artists of Mannerism opted to create art that showed elegance and beauty but not really realistic. (C pg 673-675) The three pioneers of Mannerism were Pontormo, Fiorentino and Bronzino. During this period, artists shifted from the realistic forms of the art completed in the High Renaissance to a more artificial form with distortions and exaggerations. In contrast to the natural, calm, and proportional art of the High Renaissance, Mannerism art was full of bizarre colors and images where figures are shown with abnormally elongated limbs and strange poses. (C pg 673-674). For example, in one of his paintings, Lamentation, Pontormo distorts the figures bodies by stretching them, exaggerating their postures and applying unreal colors. Mannerist painters also used portraiture to create sophisticated elegance.(C pg 676) Mannerism was not limited to painting. It also included sculpture and architecture. Benvenuto Cellini, a mannerist sculptor, tended to exaggerate the characteristics of his work in accordance with the rules of mannerism. This was evident in his sculpture of Genius of Fontainebleau. Similar to the Mannerism paintings, the characteristics of the sculptures also exaggerated and out of proportion.(C pg 678) The Renaissance was a period of incredible achievements and innovations in the arts. A few artists with exceptional talent, an amazing level of imagination and an ability to express themselves through their work, changed the world of art forever in a relatively short period of time. They took advantage of the opportunity that history had given them to put man and the human figure at the center of their work. The Renaissance was a time of great artistic development where painters and sculptors were discovering individualism, harmony, perspective and realism in their portrayal of human being. The Renaissance began relatively slow during the Early Renaissance but sprang into full gear during the High Renaissance waned during the Late Renaissance. Although the Renaissance was a period of major achievements in literature, philosophy and the sciences, the most dramatic accomplishments were achieved in the Arts. This period of rebirth is most and foremost associated with the artistic accomplishments of Masaccio, Donatello, Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. The High Renaissance represented an outstanding pool of talent that surfaced in the same area around the same time. These artists were individual geniuses who combined classical work and realism to transform the art. They took the flat and stiff images from the previous periods and converted them into more life-like figures that displayed emotion and reality. Italian artists and sculptors were innovative, creative, ambitious, and bold. They dared to go above and beyond to achieve their goals and were determined to achieve greatness in their field. As a result of the extraordinary artistic accomplishments, Italian art had the most significant impact in the Renaissance that brought about the re-birth of Europe.

library :: essays research papers

Library Collections Reference Collection - The collection contains on-line and print materials on all subjects, but focuses on those subjects that support the research needs of our students and faculty. Some of these sources are encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, glossaries, directories, and atlases. Public computer terminals are located on both the first and second floors. Reference Desk personnel will provide instruction on accessing these materials. Contact the 1st floor Reference Service Desk at Ext. 4410 or (773) 442-4410 for further information. Periodicals - The periodicals collection includes academic journals, magazines, indexes and newspapers across all subject areas and in multiple formats. Materials in paper or microfilm are located on the second floor of the Library. Full text electronic journals may be accessed from any computer on or off-campus (off-campus access is limited to NEIU students, faculty and staff). Contact the 2nd floor Reference Service Desk at Ext. 4572 or (773) 442-4572 for further information. Government Information - The Library is a depository for both Federal and State government publications. The print collection dates from 1963 (federal) and 1968 (state) with some retrospective holdings. In addition, computers are available for accessing information on CD-ROMs or the Internet. This includes Census data, current economic statistics, and a variety of other electronic resources. The Government Information Center is located on the 2nd floor of the Ronald Williams Library. For information call 773-442-4572 (Government Information Reference) or 773-442-4474 (Government Information Librarian). MLRC - Multimedia Learning Resource Center - The MLRC provides access to a variety of media formats to support all subject areas in the NEIU curricula. It brings together materials from the Library's audiovisual materials collection, the Curriculum Materials collection, the University Media Services collection, the Music Listening Room collection, and the Library's special collections in music. For further information or assistance call Ext. 4560 or (773) 442-4560. Curriculum Materials Collection (CMC) - The CMC includes ERIC documents on microfiche, elementary and secondary level textbooks, teacher resource materials, childrens books and magazines, and AV materials. The CMC is located on the 3rd floor of the Library. University Archives - The University Archives collection includes minutes of University meetings, policies and reports, the Internal Budget, Northeastern's student newspaper and yearbooks from 1964 to 1982. University Archives are located in the Lower Level of the Library. For further information call Ext. 4402 or (773) 442-4402. Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD) - A repository of primary source documents on Chicago municipal government as well as genealogical information for Cook County.

Introduction to Consumer Behavior Essay

The totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about oneself Lifestyle How one lives, including the products one buys, how one uses them, what one thinks about them, and how one feels about them Situations and Consumer Decisions Consumer decisions result from perceived problems and opportunities. Consumer problems arise in specific situations and the nature of the situation influences the resulting consumer behavior Perception The nature of Perception- pg 278-279, Figure 8-1 Information Processing is a series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored. Exposure- pg 279-283 Exposure Occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person’s relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves. Exposure provides consumers with the opportunity to pay attention to available information but in no way guarantees it. Types of Exposure 1) Selective Exposure The highly selective nature of consumer exposure is a major concern for marketers, since failure to gain exposure results in lost of communication and sales opportunities. Responses to Selective Exposure Product Placement: Branded goods or services are placed in a context usually devoid of ads, such as movies, music videos, the story line of television shows or new programs. Ex) Transformers’ and LFO’s Summer girls music video. Pop-up Ads Outdoor Display. Ex) M&M’ painted on concrete steps and money inside a security glass on the side of the street. 2) Voluntary Exposure Although consumers often avoid commercials and other marketing stimuli, sometimes they actively seek them out for various reasons including purchase goals, entertainment, and information. Responses to Voluntary Exposure Permission-Based Marketing The Privilege (not the right) of delivering anticipated, personal and relevant messages to people who actually want to get them. Banner Ads. Ex) ads that pop up on the side or top of a website Real-time Chat Service. Ex) J Crew has a chat service Providing Highly Entertaining Materials. Ex) guy doing flips into jeans Attention- pg 283-284 Attention Occurs when the stimulus activates one or more sensory receptor nerves, and is the resulting sensations go to the brain for processing Most consumers are bombarded by a large number of messages or stimuli Consumer attention is selective Attention is determined by three factors: Stimulus Factors- pg 284-290 Physical characteristics of the stimulus itself Size Intensity Attractive Visuals Color and Movement Position Isolation Format Contrast and Expectations Interestingness Information Quantity Color and Size Color and Size attract attention A brightly colored package or display is more likely to received attention Larger stimuli are more likely to be noticed than smaller ones Position Is the placement of an object in physical space or time In retail stores, items that are easy to find or stand out are more likely to attract attention, such as end-caps and kiosks High impact zones in print ads in the U.S. tend to be toward the top left portion of the ad. Contrast and Expectations Consumers pay more attention to stimuli that contrast with their background Expectations drive perceptions of contrast. Ads that differ from expectations for a product category often motivate more attention Adaption Level Theory Suggests that if a stimulus doesn’t change over time we habituate to it and begin to notice it less. Individual Factors- pg 290-291 Characteristics which distinguish one individual from another. Example: Heineken Ad Motivation: A drive state created by consumer interest and needs Ability: The capacity of individuals to attend to and process information Situational Factors- pg 291 Include stimuli in the environment other than the focal stimulus and temporary characteristics of the individual that are induced by the environment Clutter: the density of stimuli in the environment â€Å"Less is More† Program Involvement: Interest in the program or editorial content surrounding the ads. Subliminal Stimuli- pg 293 Non-focused Attention Subliminal Stimuli A message presented so fast, softly or masked by other messages that one is aware of hearing (Progressive Ad) A subliminal as â€Å"hides† key persuasive information within the ad by making it so weak that it is difficult or impossible for someone to physically detect. Subliminal advertising has been the focus of intense study and public concern Interpretation- pg 293-294 The assignment of meaning to sensations Three aspects of interpretation: 1) It is generally a relative process rather than absolute, referred to as perceptual relativity 2) It tends to be subjective and open to a host of psychological biases 3) It can be a cognitive â€Å"thinking† process or an affective â€Å"emotional† process. Ex) Bud light Ad Interpretation is determined by three factors: 1) Individual Characteristics Traits: inherent physiological and psychological traits Learning and Knowledge The meanings attached to such â€Å"natural† things as time, space, relationships, and colors are learned and vary widely across cultures. Expectations Expectation Bias: Interpretations tend to be consistent with expectations 2) Situational Characteristics The situation provides a context within which the focal stimulus is interpreted The context clues present in the situation play a role in the consumer interpretation independent of the actual stimulus 3) Stimulus Characteristics Traits: specific traits of the stimulus such as size, shape, color, etc. Organization Proximity Closure Figure-Ground Changes Sensory Discrimination The physiological ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli JND (Just Noticeable Difference) The minimum amount that one brand can differ from another (or from its previous version) with the difference still being noticed. Figure-ground- pg 299 Involves presenting the stimulus in such a way that it is perceived as the focal object to be attended to and all other stimuli are perceived as the background. Consumer Inferences Inferences: Knowledge and belief that are not based on explicit information in the environment. Quality Signals- pg 300 Price-perceived quality, Advertising intensity, Warranties, Country of origin, Brand, etc. Interpreting Images Missing Information and Ethical Concerns Price-perceived Quality Bottled water vs. tap water Country of Origin Wine, cars, TV’s, rugs, cologne Perception and Marketing Strategy Retail Strategy Brand Name and Logo Development Linguistic Consideration Branding Strategies Logo Design and Typographics Media Strategy Advertisements Package Design and Labeling Learning and Memory Nature of Learning and Memory- pg 318-319 Learning Any change in the content or organization of long-term memory or behavior Memory The total accumulation of prior learning experiences Difference between short-term and long-term memory- pg 319-321 Short-term Memory (STM) or working memory Is that portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use Long-term memory (LTM) Is that portion of total memory devoted to permanent information storage STM is Short Lived Consumers must constantly refresh information through maintenance rehearsal or it will be lost STM has Limited Capacity Consumers can only hold so much information in current memory Elaborative Activities Occur in STM Elaborative activities serve to redefine or add new elements to memory and can involve both concepts and imagery LTM Semantic memory (AKA Schemas) Basic knowledge and feelings an individual has about a concept Episodic Memory The memory of a sequence of events in which a person participated Schematic Memory- pg 323 A pattern of such associations around a particular concept Retrieval from long-term memory- pg 324-325 The likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from LTM is accessibility. Learning under high and low involvement – pg 324-326, Figure 9-3 Conditioning (mechanism, classical, and operant conditioning)- pg 326-330 Conditioning Theories Classical Conditioning The process of using an established relationship between one stimulus (music) and response (pleasant feelings) to bring about the learning of the same response (pleasant feelings) to a different stimulus (the brand) ex) LMFAO’s Sexy & I know it for M&M Chocolate Operant Conditioning (or instrumental learning) Rewarding desirable behaviors such as brand purchases with a positive outcome that serves to reinforce the behavior ex) free sampling, discount coupon, loyalty card Cognitive Learning (iconic rote learning, vicarious learning, and analytical reasoning)- pg 331-332 Ironic Rote Learning Learning a concept or the association between two or more concepts in the absence of conditioning ex) Head-on ad Vicarious Learning (aka Modeling) Observing the outcomes of others’ behaviors and adjust their own accordingly ex) Oral B Brush-ups Analytical Reasoning Individuals engage in creative thinking to restructure and recombine existing information as well as new information to form new associations and concepts Memory retrieval failure and influencing factors- pg 334-342 Brand Image- pg 342-343 Brand image Refers to the schematic memory of a brand Perceived Product Attributes Manufacturer Marketer Characteristics Users Usage Situations Benefits An important component of brand image is the appropriate usage situations for the product or brand Product Positioning- pg 344 Product Positioning Is a decision by a marketer to try to achieve a defined brand image relative to competition within a market segment Perceptual Mapping- pg 345 Perceptual Mapping Offers marketing managers a useful technique for measuring and developing a product’s position Brand Equity and brand leverage- pg 347 Brand Equity Is the value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product. Strong Brand Equity enables: 1) Brand Leverage Often termed family branding, brand extensions, or umbrella branding, refers to marketers capitalizing on brand equity by using existing brand name for new products 2) Sub-Branding Creating a secondary brand within a main brand that can help differentiate a product line to a desired target group Motivation, Personality, and Emotion Motivation- pg 360 Motivation Is the reason for behavior A motive is a construct representing an unobservable inner force that stimulates and compels a behavioral response and provides specific direction to that response Consumers buy motive satisfaction or problem resolution Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- pg 360-361, Table 10-1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs A macro theory designed to account for most human behavior in general terms Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is based on four premises 1) All humans acquire a similar set of motives through genetic endowment and social interaction 2) Some motives are more basic or critical than others 3) The more basic motives must be satisfied to a minimum level before other motives are activated 4) As the basic motive becomes satisfied, more advanced motives come into play Need for expression (one of the McGuire’s Psychological Motives)-pg 365 McGuire’s Psychological Motives A fairly detailed set of motives used to account for specific aspects of consumer behavior Need for expression (active, external) This motive deals with the need to express one’s identity to others. Discovering purchase motives (Manifest and latent motive)- pg 367-369, Figure 10-1 Manifest Motives Consumers recognize and will share these motives Latent Motives Consumers are unaware of these motives, or reluctant to admit them Substantially more complex than manifest motives Techniques to uncover latent motives 1) Projective techniques 2) Laddering (= means-end or benefit chain) Regulatory focus theory (Promotion and prevention-focused motives)- pg 372, figure 10-2 Promotion-focused motives Revolve around a desire for growth and development and are related to consumers’ hopes and aspirations Prevention-focused motives Revolve around a desire for safety and security and are related to consumers’ sense of duties and obligations Regulatory Focus Theory Suggests that consumers will react differently depending on which broad set of motives is most salient Personality- pg 373-374 Personality An individual’s characteristic response tendencies across similar situations Consumer ethnocentrism Reflects an individual difference in consumers’ propensity to be biased against the purchase of foreign products Need for cognition Reflects an individual difference in consumers’ propensity to engage in and enjoy thinking Consumer’s need for uniqueness Reflects an individual difference in consumers’ propensity to pursue differentness relative to other through the acquisition, utilization, and disposition of consumer goods Dimensions of brand personality and communication strategies- pg 375-378 Emotion and typology of consumer coping strategies- pg 379, 381 Attitudes Attitude and attitude components –pg. 392-398, Figure 11-1 Attitude An enduring organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive processes with respect to some aspect of our environment Attitude Components Cognitive component Consists of a consumer’s beliefs about an object Affective component Feelings or emotional reactions to an object Behavioral component Is one’s tendency to respond in a certain manner toward an object or activity Attitude component consistency –pg. 398-399 All three attitude components tend to be consistent. This means that a change in one attitude component tends to produce related changes in the other components Attitude change strategy for affective component-pg. 402-403 ELM model –pg. 404, Figure 11-3 Elaboration likelihood model A theory about how attitudes are formed and changed under varying conditions of involvement The ELM suggests that involvement is a key determinant of how information is processed and attitudes are changed Communication strategy for attitude formation and change Celebrity sources –pg. 408-409, Figure 11-4 Celebrity sources can be effective in enhancing attention, attitude toward the ad, trustworthiness, expertise, aspirational aspects, and meaning transfer. Effectiveness of celebrity sources enhanced when Marketer Match Endorser with Product and Target Audience Ex) Tiger Woods Comparative ads –pg. 412-413 Directly compare the features or benefits of two or more brands Value-expressive vs. Utilitarian appeals appeal-pg. 414-415 Value-expressive appeals Attempt to build a personality for the product or create an image of the product user. Utilitarian appeals Involve informing the consumer of one or more functional benefits that are important to the target market. Positive vs. Negative Framing-p. 415 Message framing Refers to presenting one of two equivalent value outcomes either in positive or gain terms (positive framing) or in negative or loss terms (negative framing) Self-Concept and Lifestyle Self-concept Defined as the totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings having reference to himself or herself as an object. Its an individual’s perception of and feelings towards him or herself Interdependent/Independent self-concepts – pg. 428-429 Independent self-concept Emphasizes personal goals, characteristics, achievements, and desires. Individuals with an independent self-concept tend to be individualistic, egocentric, autonomous, self-reliant, and self-contained They define themselves in terms of what they have done, what they have, and their personal characteristics Interdependent self-concept Emphasizes family, cultural, professional, and social relationships. Individuals with an interdependent self-concept tend to be obedient, sociocentric, holistic, connected, and relation oriented. They define themselves in terms of social roles, family relationships, and commonalities with other members of their groups. Possessions and the Extended Self – pg. 429-430 Extended self Consists of the self plus possessions; that is, people tend to define themselves in part by their possessions. Our possessions reflect our beliefs, wants, and inner desires. Extended self = Self + Possessions Tattoos can become a part of one’s extended self Mere ownership effect (AKA the Endowment effect) The tendency of an owner to evaluate an object more favorably than a non-owner Using Self-Concept to Position Products – pg. 432-433 Lifestyle – pg. 434-435, Figure 12-2 Lifestyle How a person lives. It is how one enacts his or her self-concept Influences all aspects of one’s consumption behavior Is determined by the person’s past experiences, innate characteristics, and current situation Ex) Brett Favre’s Wrangler commercial and Tom Brady’s Smart Water commercial Measurement of Lifestyle – pg. 435-436 Psychographics Attempts to develop quantitative measures of lifestyle Measures include: Attitudes- Evaluative statements about other people, places, ideas, products, etc. Values- Widely held beliefs about what is acceptable or desirable Activities and Interests- Non-occupational behaviors to which consumers devote time and effort, such as hobbies, sports, public service, and church Demographics- Age, education, income, occupation, family structure, ethnic background Media Patterns- The specific media the consumers utilize Usage Rates- Measurements of consumption within a specified product category; often consumers are categorized as heavy, medium, or light users or as nonusers. VALS– pg. 439, Figure 12-3 VALS (Social Value and Lifestyle) Provides a systematic classification of U.S. adults into 8 distinct consumer segments Core premise: an individual’s primary motivation determines what in particular about the self or the world is the meaningful core that governs his or her activities. Three Primary Consumer Motivations: 1) Ideals Motivation These consumers are guided in their choices by their beliefs and principles rather than by feelings or desire for social approval. They purchase functionality and reliability. 2) Achievement Motivation These consumers strive for a clear social position and are strongly influenced by the actions, approval, and opinions of others. They purchase status symbols. 3) Self-Expression Motivation These action-oriented consumers strive to express their individuality through their choices. They purchase experiences. PRIZM – pg. 444 Define every household in the U.S. by distinct lifestyle types, called â€Å"segments†, to provide you with a comprehensive picture of who lives where and what they are like. The underlying logic: Geo-Demographic Segmentation People with similar cultural backgrounds, means and perspectives naturally gravitate toward one another. They choose to live amongst their peers in neighborhoods offering †¦compatible lifestyles. They exhibit shared patterns of consumer behavior toward products, services, media and promotions. 4 major social groups of PRIZM: Urban- Major cities with high population density Suburban- Moderately dense â€Å"suburban† areas surrounding metropolitan areas Second City- Smaller, less densely populated cities or satellites to major cities Town and Country- Low-density towns and rural communities

Perception †An analytic comparison of Corn and Berger

Perception – An analytic comparison of Corn and Berger Free Online Research Papers Perception is the single most important thing that differentiates us from everyone else in the world. Every living being has a unique mental ability and this ability leads to their perception of things. One of life’s facets where it plays an important role is art. It is often times debated whether the perception of a piece of art should in fact be left up to an observer or should be left top an artist. This has been a heated topic of discussion for art critics like Corn and Berger, Berger believing that lack of perception defies the basis of art itself, and Corn being under the impression that the wrong perception could be detrimental to the work. The topic in fact has been more of a debate between the critiques rather than the artists’ themselves. The two art historians which will be discussed in the following paragraphs are Wanda.M.Corn and John Berger. The essay will be a comparative analysis of their respective articles â€Å"The birth of a national icon† and â€Å"The changing view of a man in a portrait.† John Berger’s article â€Å"The changing view of a man in a portrait† was a critical comparison of the historic art of portraiture and the developing art of photography. He described how portraits were basically a measure of a person’s social significance through out history and did not provide an insight into the personality as believed by most. Photographs, according to Berger are accurate and accessible, and portraits were reserved to the elite. Portraits do in fact present a sense of unity and were less arbitrary. However they only showed one viewpoint. Overall, he claims that portraits lack individuality that is important for a renewal of it’s credibility in the modern world of art. His analysis is a clear example of the comparison he based most of his works on-modern against ancient art. Although commonly known as a novelist and an art historian, Berger, was an artist himself, in both his ways and his teachings. He attended the London School of Art as well as the Chelsea School of Art in London, becoming an art critic while teaching drawing later. His rigid views about modern art led to his controversial persona that became more imminent with his exceedingly Marxist views and criticism of the government. Being very critical of even his home town, London, he stated, â€Å"London is a teenager, an urchin, and, in this, hasnt changed since the time of Dickens.† His artistic romanticism caused him to go into a voluntary exile to small city in France, where he is spending his life right now. Ironically enough, this is a testimony of the importance he gives to the artists’ perspective. Even if the object is real life the artist can adopt it to his ideal and it will be apparent in the final piece, to everyone, and not just the artist himself. For instant, if the artist was painting a portrait which would be preserved as a piece of historic art-he would be sure to paint the figure as a grand and enigmatic one. Portraits of people like Voltaire, Kaiser Ferdinand and Christopher Columbus would have to make so that they looked powerful and majestic- a blatantly real portrayal maybe would have not been as impressive and imposing. Thus if we view these portraits, our opinion will be based on something that is already opinionated-hence making ours a secondary opinion, not to mention a not too precise one. On the other hand, photographs might be able to make something seem like it isn’t through differences in lights and pictures captured in abrupt moments, but they s till offer a better perspective. They leave more up to an observer than a portrait does. Corn, however, would disagree. That is exactly what she talks about in her essay â€Å"The birth of a national icon†. It is an analysis of Wood’s unusual depiction of the Mid-western culture through his works of art. The main focus of the essay is on the â€Å"American Gothic†, initially characterized as a curt depiction of Wood’s mid-western childhood and his European influence, which became a symbol of treasuring the American history. The Victorian paintings, with their symmetry and simplicity, are ironic in the sense that they are general to the viewer but specific to the artist’s history. The author basically claims that Wood caused a revival of the Mid-western history through his different style of painting, his works remaining an icon for generations to come. She greatly stresses on the point that wrong perception of this work of art caused people to believe it is a satire instead of what she really believed it was- a depiction of the mid-western culture in the true sense, basically a national icon. Her essay was also very well researched as shown by her credentials that follow. She is a significantly famous art historian and a recent art professor in Stanford University. Her area of interest has been in the field of American art, cultural traditionalism and revival of art lost through wrong perception. Wood has been one the artists that she has widely analyzed, mainly because of her patriotic nature. For Berger, his views on the importance of perspective aren’t his thesis-but he makes it obvious throughout his essay. The essay shows his apparent approval of photography over portraiture-merely because portraiture leaves too much power in the hands of the artist. For instance he says â€Å"If the portraitist’s intention is to flatter or idealize, he will be able to do so far more convincingly with a painting than with a photograph.†(61, Berger) This clearly leads to the conclusion that a portrait is based on the artist; it is the vision of the artist that impresses us not the subject. Photographs on the other hand have â€Å"the interpretative role of the photographer† (60, Berger) while leaving enough room for the observer to think on their own. Wanda.M.Corn argues in favor of the artists’ perspective throughout her essay. She talks about two basic wrong perceptions about the American Gothic; first â€Å"the painting’s most important sources are European† (81, Corn) and the second being that â€Å"the work is satirical† (82, Corn). She goes on to clearly explain the style of painting that Wood used to prove her point that the work was indeed a representation of the mid western culture-a much worked upon national icon. She talks about how the wrong perception would have lead people to ridicule this piece-taking it as a joke, and hence its essence would have been lost forever. Wood, however has no problems with the people’s different perspectives about his paintings-it is as if he got his share of satisfaction out of just creating those pieces of art. Corn is much more passionate and believes that the artist is also responsible for pursuing his or her work to see it holds its original essence while being judged or viewed. The artist under consideration here is Grant Wood. Corn basically shows an in depth knowledge of his work and history. Wood, initially thought to be influenced by the European culture, was in fact celebrating the Mid-Western history through the American Gothic. He was influenced by a Victorian style house that he had seen in western America. Then he got his dentist and his sister to dress up in the appropriate mid-western clothes and pose as father and daughter. Here again, Corn’s idea comes into play. The artist had intended to portray the two as father and daughter but people ended up perceiving them as husband and wife. This perception has stuck thereon. However, Wood made no effort to correct people. It was those who analyzed him, like Corn that went into the details and figured out the reality. Wood would have been appreciated by Berger. Berger believes an artist should leave room for others to form a view point about his artwork, which is exactly what Wood does in this c ase. This also leads us into a discussion of art forms and how certain art forms are more susceptible to perception than others. For instance if a person draws a simple object like a ball, there really isn’t a wide spread case of perception that would be linked to it. A ball is a ball after all. But if an artist draws a ball amongst a pattern of lines or scenery in the background, observers might be able to form an idea about what the artist was trying to portray. Therefore, modern and contemporary art is more likely to draw different conclusions than figure drawing or fine arts. Berger appears to be more in favor of modern or conclusion-drawing art. He even takes portraiture, which is an elaborate form of real life drawing, and explains how everyone is supposed to draw the same conclusion from it. Artists try to include their own perspective in it but they make sure that the result is much unified so that the conclusion obtained would be very much the same. That is why Berger is a gainst portraiture and more in favor of photography-a more modern form of art. Corn on the other hand, would be against modern art because it would allow the observers to massacre the artist’s painting by forming an idea completely different to that intended by the artist. Perception is very important-and it is lack of insight that leads to loss of individuality. After all if everyone thought about everything in the same way, there really would be no need for the population that the world supports today. This is what Berger makes apparent. Portraits, although great works of art, did not truly leave a sense of perception to the viewer. They were very conclusive from the artists’ point of view. Corn’s point with American Gothic, though well proved, is very subjective. It works in a way for the American Gothic, but not for most other pieces of art. Plus the lack of interest that Wood has in this claim leads me to believe that maybe even artists believe that the perception should be left up to the viewer. After their work of art is complete, they have accomplished their task. The rest is up to the one who looks at it. After all if we weren’t making art for the observer and his perspective, who would, we be making it for? Then again som e might â€Å"perceive† art to have no purpose at all! â€Å"Perception is strong and sight weak. In strategy it is important to see distant things as if they were close and to take a distanced view of close things.† - Miyamoto Musashi Research Papers on Perception - An analytic comparison of Corn and BergerHip-Hop is ArtAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital Punishment